What is the term for when current and voltage are out of phase?

The term for when current and voltage are out of phase is indeed associated with inductive or capacitive loads. In AC circuits, these types of loads can cause the current and voltage waveforms to shift in time, creating a phase difference. In the case of inductive loads, such as motors or transformers, the current lags behind the voltage. In contrast, with capacitive loads, like capacitors, the current leads the voltage. This phase difference is important because it affects the power factor of the circuit, which impacts how efficiently the electrical power is converted into useful work.

Understanding this concept is crucial in power systems, as an out-of-phase relationship leads to reactive power, which does not perform useful work but is necessary for maintaining the electric and magnetic fields required for energy transmission. Recognizing the types of loads that create these phase differences helps in designing and managing electrical systems effectively.